球等鞭金藻三级培养过程中细菌群落多样性分析

球等鞭金藻三级培养过程中生长差异明显,在完全灭菌的一级培养中生长最佳,在未灭菌的三级培养中生长最差。为揭示培养过程中藻际细菌群落多样性与其生长差异的相关性,以球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)为研究对象,利用Illumina HiSeq平台通过高通量测序的方法对球等鞭金藻三级培养过程中细菌群落多样性进行研究。结果表明,一、二、三级培养组之间的藻际细菌群落组成差异明显。Shannon和Simpson指数分析说明,一级培养组中细菌群落多样性显著低于二级和三级培养组。MetaStat分析发现,一级和三级培养组之间存在两株丰度显著差异的细菌,其中麦氏交替单胞菌(Alteromonas macleodii)在三级培养下丰度显著高于一级,而红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis)相反。进一步通过2216E平板涂布法分离并鉴定了麦氏交替单胞菌等17株球等鞭金藻藻际环境细菌;系统进化树构建结果显示,整个进化树分成13个分支,分别对应13个属,包括交替单胞属(Alteromonas)、假交替单胞属(Pseudoalteromonas)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter)等。本研究结果为探索藻菌互作机理奠定了基础,有助于提高水产养殖过程中球等鞭金藻的产量和质量。     

Bacterial communities associated with natural and commercially grown rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)

Aspalathus linearis is a commercially important plant species endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and is used to produce a herbal tea known as rooibos tea. Symbiotic interactions between A. linearis and soil bacteria play an important role in the survival of Aspalathus plants in the highly nutrient-poor, acidic fynbos soil. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities associated with natural and commercially grown A. linearis, as well as the effect of seasonal changes on these communities. Bacterial communities were characterized using high throughput amplicon sequencing, and their correlations with soil chemical properties were investigated. The N-fixing bacterial community was characterized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the most dominant bacterial phyla detected in this study. Highly similar bacterial communities were associated with natural and commercially grown plants. Significant differences in the bacterial community were observed between rhizosphere and bulk soils collected in the dry season, while no significant differences were detected in the wet season. This study provides insights into bacterial community structure and potential factors shaping bacterial community structure with commercially important A. linearis.     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.     

菌剂挂膜3D-RBC联合BCO工艺处理养猪沼液废水

针对养猪沼液废水寡营养、高氨氮的水质特征，该研究采用耐高氨氮、适应贫营养生长的异养硝化-好氧反硝化（Heterotrophic Nitrification-Aerobic Denitrification，以下简称HN-AD）菌挂膜启动三维结构生物转盘+生物接触氧化反应器（3D-RBC+BCO）组合工艺对沼液进行处理。该文研究了3D-RBC+BCO组合工艺在真实沼液条件下的启动过程及污染物去除效果，重点考察了溶解氧（Dissolved Oxygen，DO）浓度和C/N比2个关键因素对组合工艺污染物去除效果的影响。同时，借助高通量测序技术对DO和C/N比优化过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律进行解析。结果表明：在真实沼液条件下，采用HN-AD菌剂挂膜启动方法，仅用12和18 d就分别完成3D-RBC和BCO反应器的挂膜启动，同时组合工艺对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在94.8%、95.7%和80.1%，出水优于城镇污水厂排放一级B标准。在对3D-RBC反应器DO和C/N比的优化过程中，增设底曝后COD、NH4+-N和TN等指标的去除率分别降低了25.4%、15.4%和15.5%。高通量测序结果显示，增加底曝后3D-RBC盘片生物膜中微生物菌属的数量小幅下降，但HN-AD优势菌属的种类与丰度显著降低，导致脱氮效率下降；贫营养型Acinetobacter、Pseudomonas菌属是3D-RBC可以对真实沼液高效脱氮的关键，提高C/N比会显著降低其丰度，进而影响脱氮效果。     

增氧方式对水芹菜-微生物联合作用处理冬季养殖废水的影响

为探究不同增氧方式对水芹菜-微生物联合作用处理养殖废水消化液及微生物群落结构变化的影响，设置循环和曝气两组试验，以静置处理作为对照，共运行35 d，间隔7 d取样，测定常规水质指标，在试验开始和结束时分别测定水芹菜生长情况，并采用高通量测序技术对微生物群落结构进行分析。结果显示，经过35 d的处理，静置组、曝气组和循环组的DO（溶解氧）分别达到0.60、10.38 mg·L^-1和10.85 mg·L^-1；静置培养的水芹菜长势最好，相对生长速率为0.03 g·g^-1·d^-1；三种处理方式对水质的净化效果差异显著，循环组的水质净化效果最好，COD（化学需氧量）、NH₃-N（氨氮）和TN（总氮）的去除率分别达89.89%、69.40%和77.65%；黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）的相对丰度从43.21%下降到0.16%，克里斯滕森菌属（Christensenellaceae）和瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcaceae）的相对丰度则大幅增加。水芹菜在冬季于养殖废水消化液中可以正常生长，曝气和循环处理可以明显提高净化效率；黄杆菌属和假单胞菌属（Pseudononas）是脱氮的功能菌属，梭菌纲（Clostridia）的大量繁殖有利于COD的去除。     

皖北石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响

通过研究皖北石灰岩山地生态系统的植被群落,分析不同植被恢复群落的组成、结构、多样性和生活型组成,进而阐明石灰岩山地生态系统植被恢复模式对群落结构特征以及植物物种多样性的影响。结果表明:研究区有54种植物,隶属26科54属。侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)+构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)人工混交林有植物种类16科26种,分别占总数的61.5%和48.1%。酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa)+牡荆(Vitex negundo var.cannabifolia)灌丛和荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)+牡荆草灌丛植物种类分别为32和33种,分别占调查总物种数的59.3%和61.1%。不同植被恢复群落生活型也有差异。侧柏+构树人工混交林群落高位芽植物占优势,而酸枣+牡荆灌丛和荩草+牡荆草灌丛则以地面芽植物所占比例较大。分析表明,多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均表现为侧柏+构树混交林>酸枣+牡荆灌丛>荩草+牡荆草灌丛,但物种丰富度表现为荩草+牡荆草灌丛>酸枣+牡荆灌丛>侧柏+构树混交林。Sörensen较高值出现在酸枣+牡荆灌丛与侧柏+构树混交林和荩草+牡荆草灌丛之间,侧柏+构树混交林与荩草+牡荆草灌丛Sörensen多样性值较低。研究结果表明,石灰岩山地独特的地貌特征和人工植被恢复对植物群落组成、多样性及其生活型组成产生重要影响。     

温度对拟穴青蟹循环水养殖系统微生物群落结构的影响

为探究温度对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)循环养殖水体中微生物群落的影响,深入理解环境因子与养殖水体微生物群落之间的相关性。在水温分别为18℃、22℃、26℃、30℃和32℃的循环养殖系统中进行拟穴青蟹养殖,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对不同温度下的养殖水体微生物群落组成进行分析。结果表明:(1) Alpha多样性指数显示5组水样中细菌群落多样性指数大小为t26t22t30t32t18,物种丰度大小为t22t26t32t30t18。温度可以导致养殖水体中微生物群落多样性发生变化,但并未发现二者之间直接的相关性。(2) 5种温度下的养殖系统中细菌群落共有31门、43纲、94目、185科和351属,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为循环养殖水体中绝对优势菌门。在养殖系统水温为26℃时,养殖水体中氮磷污染物含量相对较高,其水中脱氮除磷菌属的相对丰度也显著高于其他4组。(3)由花瓣图和UPGMA聚类分析图进行相似性分析可知,水体微生物群落对温度的变化有着良好的响应, 5组水样的细菌群落结构总体相似性较低,其中最高温度32℃和最低温度18℃的水体中细菌群落结构最为相似。(4)水体中微生物群落结构和与环境因子的相关性分析显示,氮磷营养盐中的总磷(TP)和硝酸盐(NO3–-N)对水中微生物群落特征具有显著性影响,而温度是导致养殖水体中氮磷营养盐差异化的主要原因。上述研究结果初步解释了温度对拟穴青蟹循环养殖水微生物群落的作用机制,为下一步深入研究拟穴青蟹循环水养殖系统中环境变化与微生物的相互关系提供参考。     

斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥微生物群落结构特征及其影响因素

微生物群落在水产养殖环境中起着重要作用，深入了解微生物群落组成及其构建机制对了解池塘生态功能具有重要意义。本研究通过高通量测序技术研究斑点叉尾鮰（）养殖池塘底泥中细菌群落机构特征，并分析了细菌群落的主要影响因素。结果显示，斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥细菌群落结构呈现出季节性变化，冬春季样品相似性较高。斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥优势菌群主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria），与池塘水体细菌群落间有明显的差别。线性判别分析显示，冬、春和秋季的特异性优势菌群较为丰富，冬季和春季分布较为集中，分别集中于浮霉菌、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门，秋季特异性优势菌群分布特别分散，而夏季优势细菌类群最少，只有绿弯菌门厌氧绳菌属1个属具有显著优势。环境因子中，透明度和总溶解性悬浮物与斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥细菌群落结构有显著相关（<0.05），对细菌群落结构的影响也最大。本研究旨为斑点叉尾鮰池塘微生物群落的变化和调控提供借鉴。